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人类对钢铁、焦炭的需求日益增长,导致煤化工炼焦行业产生大量高浓度的焦化废水[1]。焦化废水主要产生于煤炭高温碳化、煤气净化及其化工产品精制过程,是一类典型的有毒难处理工业废水[2],其成分非常复杂,含有高浓度的有毒无机污染物(如氨氮、硫化物、氰化物、氟化物等)和难降解有机污染物(如苯酚、多环芳烃、含氧、含硫、含氮杂环化合物等)[3-6]。焦化废水的难生物降解成分,具有高浓缩性、突变性和致癌性,经生物法处理后的废水中仍存在大量未知的有机化合物,需要进一步进行物化处理[7]。在焦化废水高级氧化处理方法中,臭氧氧化法和超临界氧化法操作难度大、成本高;Fe/C法填料易钝化,容易造成堵塞,对生化出水达标产生不利影响[3, 8]。因此,研发技术可行,经济有效的焦化废水处理方法迫在眉睫。
电化学水处理技术在近年来受到广泛的关注,因其具有反应效率高、速度快、操作简便、避免二次污染等优点,在废水再生处理领域具有广阔的应用前景[1, 9]。微生物燃料电池技术(microbial fuel cell, MFC)是一种将生物技术和电化学技术相结合的生物电化学技术[10],用于废水处理有望有效缓解当前的水资源和能源危机[11-12]。MFC在处理废水的过程中同时完成有机物的氧化分解、电子移动和产电,将污染物中的能量直接转化为电能,实现变废为宝,具有很高的能量转化效率,且不产生新的污染物,对环境友好[13-15]。此外,MFC对进水COD值适应范围广,具有抗污染负荷高,启动时间短,能耗低等优点[16]。尽管MFC还存在处理效率低、出水水质不达标等缺点,但通过耦合其他的水处理技术(如膜生物反应器,membrane bioreactor, MBR)[17-18]并选择更高效的催化电极[19],可以很好地解决这些问题。其中,合适的阴极材料和催化剂不仅可以提高阴极氧还原反应速率,而且能有效地提升出水水质和系统产电输出功率[20-21]。这将会是一个实现节能高效处理难降解工业废水的重要出路。
在本研究中,为降低内阻、提高产电和水处理效率,采用相转化法制备了新的催化电极膜,并通过原位生长法在活性炭颗粒表面和孔道内部负载MnO2,在上流式结构的MFC与MBR耦合反应器中,将包裹活性炭颗粒的催化电极膜作为MFC的阴极和MBR的过滤组件,对处理焦化废水的效果和产电能力进行了考察。
基于催化膜耦合颗粒活性炭阴极的微生物燃料电池体系处理焦化废水
Microbial fuel cell system with catalytic electrode membrane and granular activated carbon in treating coking wastewater
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摘要: 含难降解污染物的工业废水,处理难度大、成本高,如未达标却大量排放,会造成严重的水体污染并威胁生态平衡和人类健康。为了开发高效、节能和可持续的环保技术,制备了新型催化电极膜组件,并内置活性炭颗粒或负载二氧化锰的活性炭颗粒,以扩大阴极的总体积,研究了其在11 L上流式微生物燃料电池与膜生物反应器耦合系统中对焦化废水的处理效果,考察了其对系统的产电性能和废水处理效果。结果表明,在产电和水处理成效上,催化电极膜内放置负载二氧化锰的活性炭颗粒阴极的耦合体系>催化电极膜内置活性炭颗粒阴极的体系>碳纤维布电极内置活性炭颗粒阴极的体系。碳纤维负载催化剂电极膜及内置活性炭颗粒阴极的系统,最大功率密度为1 041.35 mW·m−3,比仅用碳纤维布的电极膜内置活性炭颗粒阴极的对照组,提高了7.4倍,系统内阻也由309 Ω减小至104 Ω,有效降低了能量损耗。催化电极膜内置负载二氧化锰活性炭颗粒阴极的耦合系统,可高效去除焦化废水中的COD和
${ {\rm{NH}}_4^ + }$ -N,去除率最高可达95.75%和92.81%;COD去除负荷为1.55 kg·(m3·d)−1,比对照组提高了25%。增大阴极曝气速率,可提高COD去除效率(另一焦化废水,出水COD值低于40 mg·L−1,达到一级排放标准);COD去除负荷达到1.67 kg·(m3·d)−1。该耦合体系对焦化废水具有较好的处理效果和较高的产电能力,可为焦化废水等工业废水的处理提供一种有效可行的新方法。Abstract: It is difficult and costly in treating various types of wastewater containing refractory pollutants, and the discharge of a large amount of substandard industrial wastewater will cause pollution that seriously threaten the ecological balance and human health. For efficient, energy-saving and sustainable wastewater treatment, new catalytic electrode membrane with enclosed granular activated carbon (GAC) or manganese dioxide loaded GAC (MnO2/GAC) were used to expand the cathode volume in a 11-L up-flow microbial fuel cell (MFC) integrated with membrane bioreactor (MBR) system. The electricity generation performance and pollutants removal effect of this MFC-MBR system were investigated when it treated coking wastewater. The results showed that the order of electricity generation and pollutants removal was the MFC-MBR system with catalytic electrode membrane and enclosed MnO2/GAC cathode > the system using catalytic electrode membrane with enclosed GAC as cathode > the system using only carbon fiber cloth electrode and enclosed GAC as cathode. The maximum power density of the system with catalytic electrode membrane with enclosed GAC as cathode was 1 041.35 mW·m−3, which was 7.4 times higher than the control group that only using carbon fiber cloth electrode and enclosed GAC as cathode. The internal resistance decreased from 309 to 104 Ω, that effectively reduced the internal energy loss of the system. The system with catalytic electrode membrane and enclosed MnO2/GAC cathode could efficiently remove 95.75% COD and 92.81%$ {\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N from coking wastewater; COD removal loading was 1.55 kg·(m3·d)−1 and 25% higher than the control group. When treating another coking wastewater, increasing aeration in the cathode could increase the COD removal efficiency, and the COD concentration in the effluent was less than 40 mg·L−1, reaching the first-level discharge standard, the COD removal loading was 1.67 kg·(m3·d)−1. The MFC-MBR coupled system had better pollutant removal and higher electricity generation performance in treating coking wastewater than others, provides an effective and feasible solution to the refractory industrial wastewater treatment. -
表 1 2种焦化废水的基本成分和浓度
Table 1. Composition and concentration of two types of coking wastewater
进水 pH 耗氧有机物及氮磷含量/(mg·L−1) COD $ {\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N$ {\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ -N$ {\rm{NO}}_2^ - $ -N$ {\rm{PO}}_4^{ 3- }$ -PCW1 9 3 290.3 61.3 32.4 2.6 0.2 CW2 8 3 370.1 29.8 249.1 0.5 0.2 表 2 GAC和MnO2/GAC的EDX定量分析
Table 2. Quantitative analysis of GAC and MnO2/GAC by EDX
% 元素 GAC MnO2/GAC 质量分数 原子百分比 质量分数 原子百分比 C 90.15 92.44 51.07 61.24 O 9.81 7.55 40.63 36.58 Ti 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.01 Mn 0 0 8.25 2.16 -
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