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我国有色金属冶炼、硫酸生产、金属加工和电子信息等行业会产生大量成分复杂的强酸性废水。此类废水酸度极高(1%~80%),且组分复杂多变,含有铜、镍、锌等多种重金属[1-4]。受酸、有机质和盐等复杂组份的影响,常规分析方法难以对强酸性废水中的重金属进行快速准确地检测。例如,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)、火焰法/石墨炉-原子吸收法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)等对强酸废水中重金属分析前,为排除样品基底干扰,常需增加稀释、除酸和消解等程序。这些预处理程序不仅分析时间较长,且复杂的过程会导致分析准确性的下降 [5-11]。因此,对其中重金属的快速、准确分析是目前强酸性废水处理中的难点之一。
激光诱导击穿光谱法(laser induced breakdown spectroscopy,LIBS)是一种快速、受样品性质和其他离子干扰小的元素分析方法,可用于液体和固体样品中目标重金属的快速检测分析[12-14]。但在对液体样品进行直接分析时,还存在样品飞溅、样品表面振动以及产生的等离子体寿命短等缺陷[14]。目前,在用LIBS分析液体样品时,常常将液体样品进行固化处理。例如,沉淀富集法采用沉淀剂将液体样品中的重金属沉淀、过滤,并富集到滤膜上,以用于LIBS法检测液体样品中的重金属[15]。但在强酸条件下,有些重金属无法有效沉淀,而强酸废水中的高浓度酸会腐蚀滤膜,不利于沉淀的分离。另外,聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA) 加热成膜法也是LIBS分析液体样品时常用的固化方法[16],但因为强酸废水的强腐蚀性,受热条件下会使PVA分解,故无法实现对强酸性废水的成膜固化。因此,亟需研发LIBS分析强酸性废水时对于水样的快速有效固化方法。
一定浓度的丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺在紫外光照条件下可通过光引发剂引发聚合,长链聚合物之间形成氢键,从而使溶液变成高强度的凝胶材料[17]。受此启发,在强酸废水中添加一定浓度的丙烯酰胺和丙烯酸单体,并加入一定量的光引发剂,通过紫外光照可实现对强酸废水的快速凝胶固化。另外,已有研究表明在样品表面覆上纳米颗粒可极大增强LIBS光谱强度,提高LIBS对样品中目标元素的检测效果 [18-19]。基于此,本课题组研发了一种紫外光照促使强酸废水快速凝胶固化的方法,并采用纳米颗粒增强LIBS对固化后样品进行分析,继而定性定量分析强酸废水中的重金属,分析紫外光照凝胶固化-纳米颗粒对优化LIBS检测方法,提升该方法对强酸性废水中重金属定量分析的检出限、精确性和稳定性,为强酸性废水中重金属的定性定量检测提供新的技术支持。
紫外光照凝胶固化-纳米颗粒增强LIBS检测强酸性废水中的重金属
Detection of heavy metals in strongly acidic wastewater by UV irradiation induced gel solidification-nanoparticle enhanced LIBS method
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摘要: 强酸性废水组份复杂,且常规方法难以快速准确地检测其中的重金属,为此建立了基于样品固化预处理和激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)快速准确检测强酸性废水中重金属的方法。结果表明:在紫外光照条件下,固化剂丙烯酰胺和丙烯酸受光引发剂(2-羟基-4′-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮)作用聚合形成相互交联的长链聚合物网络结构,可在广泛的酸度下实现对强酸性废水的快速凝胶固化;同时凝胶表面覆上纳米银颗粒能增强激光对样品表面的烧蚀强度,增强了LIBS光谱强度;LIBS激发的Cu(I) 324.75 nm、Ni(I) 218.64 nm 和Zn(II) 206.12 nm光谱强度与无纳米银颗粒相比得到了显著提高。在优化的固化条件和LIBS系统参数下,紫外光照凝胶固化纳米颗粒增强LIBS对强酸性废水中Cu2+、Ni2+和Zn2+ 重金属的检出限分别为1.489、1.512和 4.886 mg∙L−1。对实际强酸性废水中Cu2+、Ni 2+和Zn2+ 的加标回收测定结果表明,该方法对强酸性废水中重金属分析具有良好的准确性和稳定性。紫外光照凝胶固化-纳米颗粒增强LIBS方法可实现强酸性废水中重金属的快速和精准检测,为强酸性废水中重金属的检测提供新的技术支持。
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关键词:
- 强酸废水 /
- 紫外光照 /
- 凝胶固化 /
- 纳米颗粒增强LIBS /
- 重金属
Abstract: The components of strongly acidic wastewater are generally complex, while the conventional detection methods are difficult to determine the heavy metals in this stream quickly and accurately. Therefore, a method for detecting heavy metals in strongly acidic wastewater was established based on combination of sample curing pretreatment and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The strongly acidic wastewater was quickly solidified under UV irradiation, and silver nanoparticles were used to enhance the LIBS spectral strength, realizing the fast and accurate analysis of heavy metals in strongly acidic wastewater. The results indicated that the curing agents (acrylic acid and acrylamide) polymerized to form a long chain polymer through the initiator (2-hydroxyl-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylphenylacetone) under UV irradiation, and the hydrogen bond between the branches on long-chain polymer was formed to promote the formation of the network structure, then the strongly acidic wastewater was effectively gel curing under the condition of wide acidity. Besides, coating the gel surface with silver nanoparticles can enhance the ablation intensity of laser on the sample surface and then improve the LIBS spectral intensity. The spectral intensities of Cu(I) 324.75 nm, Ni(I) 218.64 nm and Zn(II) 206.12 nm excited by LIBS were significantly higher than those of silver nanoparticles. Under the optimized solidification conditions and LIBS parameters, the detection limits of Cu, Ni and Zn ions in strongly acidic wastewater were 1.489, 1.512 and 4.886 mg∙L−1, respectively. The results of standard recoveries of Cu, Ni and Zn ions analyzed by UV irradiation induced gel solidification-nanoparticle enhanced LIBS show that this method has good accuracy and stability for heavy metal analysis in strongly acidic wastewater. In short, UV irradiation induced gel solidification-nanoparticle enhanced LIBS can realize the rapid detection of heavy metals in strongly acidic wastewater with good accuracy and stability, providing technological support for future efforts on detection of heavy metal throughout treatment of strongly acidic wastewater. -
表 1 定量标准曲线主要参数
Table 1. Parameters of the quantitative standard curves
元素 截距 R2 S σ Cu2+ 8.549 6 0.996 3 21.556 10.7 Ni2+ 38.380 0 0.995 8 20.037 10.1 Zn2+ 8.367 0 0.996 2 8.289 7 13.5 表 2 强酸性废水样品中重金属浓度及加标回收率
Table 2. Concentrations of heavy metals in strong acidic wastewater and recovery rates
元素 C初始/(mg∙L−1) C添加/(mg∙L−1) C测定/(mg∙L−1) 回收率/% RSD1) /% Cu 8.77 10.00 19.60 109.00 12.21 Ni — 10.00 9.12 91.20 10.05 Zn 67.77 10.00 77.02 92.50 11.15 注:1)表示n=25;—表示未检出。 -
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